RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Blind alleys and dead ends: researching innovation in late 20th century surgery JF Medical Humanities JO J Med Humanit FD BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Institute of Medical Ethics SP medhum-2016-011176 DO 10.1136/medhum-2016-011176 A1 Harriet Palfreyman A1 Roger L Kneebone YR 2018 UL http://mh.bmj.com/content/early/2018/01/05/medhum-2016-011176.abstract AB This article examines the fortunes of one particular surgical innovation in the treatment of gallstones in the late 20th century; the percutaneous cholecystolithotomy (PCCL). This was an experimental procedure which was trialled and developed in the early days of minimally invasive surgery and one which fairly rapidly fell out of favour. Using diverse research methods from textual analysis to oral history to re-enactment, the authors explore the rise and fall of the PCCL demonstrating that such apparent failures are as crucial a part of innovation histories as the triumphs and have much light to shed on the development of surgery more generally.