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Original article
Metaphors for illness in contemporary media
  1. M Hanne1,
  2. S J Hawken2
  1. 1
    Programme in Comparative Literature, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  2. 2
    Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  1. Associate Professor Michael Hanne, Programme in Comparative Literature, School of European Languages and Literature, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; m.hanne{at}auckland.ac.nz

Abstract

Essayist Susan Sontag alerted us more than 20 years ago to the way in which clusters of metaphors attach themselves to our discussion of certain diseases, and the influence these metaphors exert on public attitudes to the diseases themselves and to those who experience them. This study of feature articles on five diseases—avian flu, cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and HIV/AIDS—published recently in the New York Times reveals distinct patterns of metaphor usage around each. While the metaphors used in relation to the diseases Sontag studied—cancer and HIV/AIDS—have become less emotive and more positively informative, the sensationalist connotations of the metaphor clusters that have formed around two diseases that were not on the agenda for wide public debate in her time—avian flu and diabetes—are hardly congruent with the serious intent of the articles in which they appeared. By contrast, discussion of heart disease involved very limited use of metaphor. The article ends with a call for journalists and medical professionals to become more aware of the impact of the metaphors they use and to collaborate in developing sets of metaphors that are factually informative and enhance communication between doctors and their patients.

  • metaphor, disease
  • avian flu
  • cancer
  • diabetes
  • heart disease
  • HIV/AIDS

https://doi.org/10.1136/jmh.2006.000253

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    Footnotes

    • Competing interests: None

    • iThis was a sample of convenience extending back from June 2006, when we started our study, in which we judged that we had achieved saturation of data for our purpose. We accessed the articles via the New York Times online: http://www.nytimes.com

    • ii In the same vein, one article asked whether the terminally ill AIDS patient should be treated with “the more aggressive ventilator, on which she would probably die, or the more passive morphine, from which she would probably slip into death”,38 and another referred to the need to “test more aggressively” and for “aggressive collection of data”.39

    • iiiWe do not have the space here to pursue the intriguing parallel question of the incidence of metaphors of disease in articles concerned with non-medical matters. A cursory glance at articles on international relations and social issues suggested that terrorism, criminality and other forms of social dysfunction were quite regularly referred to as “diseases” whose spread was out of control. An outstanding historical overview of this subject is to be found in Weinstein.56